Essay about The Eighth Amendment - 1138 Words

The 8th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, as well as the setting of excessive bail or the imposition of excessive fines. However, it has also been deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States (according to the Eighth Amendment)to inflict physical damage on students in a school environment for the purpose of discipline in most circumstances. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 8th Amendment stipulates that bail shall not be excessive. This is unclear as to whether or not there is a constitutional right to bail, or only prohibits excessive bail, if it is to be granted. The Supreme Court has never directly addressed this†¦show more content†¦The Court did, however, state that the mandatory use of the death penalty would be prohibited under the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment. The defendant in this case, Gregg, had been convicted on two counts of armed robbery and two counts of murder. The jury was instructed by the trial judge, who was following Georgia state law, to return with either a decision of life imprisonment or the death penalty. Justice Byron stated in his opinion that Gregg had failed in his burden of showing that the Georgia Supreme Court had not done all it could to prevent discriminatory practices in the forming of his sentence. This decision became the first time the Court stated that quot;punishment of death does not invariably violate the Constitution.quot; (Bernstein 21) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The punishment also cannot be â€Å"grossly out of proportion to the severity of the crime charged, nor can it violate the convicted individual’s dignity. In Rummell vs. Estelle, it was upheld that it did not constitute quot;cruel and unusual punishmentquot; to impose a life sentence, under a recidivist statute, upon a defendant who had been convicted, successively, of fraudulent use of a credit card to obtain $80 worth of goods or services, passing a forged check in the amount of $28.36, and obtaining $120.75 by false pretenses. We said that quot;one could argue without fear of contradiction by anyShow MoreRelatedThe Eighth Amendment and Death Penalty Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Eight Amendment to the U.S. Constitution â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted†, proposed on 9/25/1789 and approved on 12/15/1791. The cruel and unusual punishment confines the harshness of penalties that state and federal governments may inflict upon ones who have been condemned of a criminal offense. The excessive fines phrase restricts the amount that state and federal governments may possibly fine an individual for aRead MoreThe Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagespunishments inflicted. Eighth Amendment, 1791 The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution limits the punishments that may be imposed by the government on American citizens. These limits are compulsory among the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 expressed concern with arbitrary and disproportionate sanctions, giving way to the Founders inclusion of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. To explore the Eighth Amendment it is important to considerRead MoreThe Eighth Amendment And The Fifth Amendment1206 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 5th† in court. The text of the Sixth Amendment states that in all and any criminal prosecutions, the accused will be given the right to a public and speedy trial, by an impartial jury of the district and state where the crime took place. The Seventh Amendment gives an individual a right to have a trial by jury instead of judge to some civil cases. The Supreme Court ruled in Justices v. Murray, 76 U.S. 9 Wall. 274 274 (1869), that the Sevent h Amendment is not only limited in being applied to civilRead MoreImportance Of The Eighth Amendment1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe eighth amendment helps people stay safe, for those who are going to jury. The eighth amendment was ratified in 1791 and stated that, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines are imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† This was made to help make sure that more amounts of bail money/property are not given to by excessive amounts, and that cruel or unusual punishments are not prohibited to any person going into court. Bail is where a certain amount of money is requiredRead MoreViolation Of The Eighth Amendment Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States Constitution, the Eighth Amendment prohibits the use and practices of cruel and unusual punishment. What exactly is considered to be cruel and unusual punishment? This question is a hot topic among America s many different current controversies. Many people are saying that the use of capital punishment to be sentenced to death as a penalty in the eyes of the law. An execution or capital punishment is a direct violation of the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United StatesRead MoreThe Eighth Amendment And Cruel Punishment Essay2194 Words   |  9 Pages The eighth amendment states: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. (The Bill of Rights). Although excessive bails and excessive fines are a problem, the focus for this paper is going to be centered on cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. For years, many inmates and other people in society have been victims of cruel and unusual punishment. Extreme cases have included hangings, cadena temporal, being burned alive, publicRead MoreSupreme Court Cases and the Eighth Ammendment865 Words   |  3 Pagesthe first ten amendments which were included to guarantee personal rights. One interesting amendment that has tested numerous times through the Supreme Court is the Eighth Amendment: no cruel or unusual punishment, it definitely changed America’s on what punishment is considered cruel and unusual. The Eighth Amendment was tested through many Supreme Court and there were some very significant ones such as the Miller v. Alabama. The no cruel or unusual aspect of the Eighth Amendment gives protectionRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Is It Constitutional Or Moral? Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Britain. Therefore, the framers of the constitution Dyess 2 created rights to protect Americans from wrongful death, improper trails, and unusual punishments. The death penalty is a violation of an American’s 5th, 8th, and 14th amendments. The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militiaRead MoreEssay about 8th Amendment1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Eighth Amendment The 8th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, as well as the setting of excessive bail or the imposition of excessive fines. However, it has also been deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States (according to the Eighth Amendment)to inflict physical damage on students in a school environment for the purpose of discipline in most circumstances. The 8th Amendment stipulates that bail shall notRead MoreThe Moral, Legal, and Economical Aspects of Capital Punishment1509 Words   |  7 Pageskey issues (be they supporting or otherwise) concerning capital punishment – the legitimacy of ‘deterrence,’ the legality of capital punishment under the Eighth Amendment’s â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† clause, and the cost associated with putting a man to death in relation to the cost associated with life imprisonment. The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted

The United States And The Soviet War - 2135 Words

Introduction After World War II, the United States and the USSR established themselves as the two most dominant nations in the world. Though they were tentative allies throughout the war, they came to distrust each other as direct rivals. Throughout the Cold War, the United States attempted to contain the spread of Communism, endorsing democratic regimes in Asian, Latin American, and African countries. The conflict reached its peak in October of 1962 in the Cuban Missile Crisis which was triggered by the Soviet deployment in Cuba of intermediate and medium-range ballistic nuclear-armed missiles with nuclear warheads. Although deeply challenging Americans’ tactical interventions, the Cuban Missile Crisis revealed the sophistication of the U.S. intelligence community, especially in its capability to collect and analyze information. Indeed, the American intelligence discovered the Soviet Union’s missiles through diverse intelligence gathering methods, such as aerial photor econnaissance, human intelligence and advanced signal interceptions. This intelligence not only revealed critical information about the Soviet’s missiles, military units and weapons present in Cuba but also prevented an imminent nuclear war, hence demonstrating the power and war strategies deployed through espionage while questioning the right balance between its morality and necessity. Cuban Missiles Crisis Background The end of the 1950s marked a new concern for the United States. By theShow MoreRelatedThe United States And The Soviet War1183 Words   |  5 PagesChange upended Europe many times in the latter half of the 20th Century. After World War II, with the rise of the United States and the USSR as the world’s foremost superpowers, Europe split between East and West. NATO allied Western Europe and the United States against the rise of communism. The Warsaw Pact allied Eastern Europe militarily. This effectively split Europe into two competing camps that ensured relative peace for the following decades. In 1989, however, that changed entirely. With theRead MoreThe War Soviet Expansion Of The United States1409 Words   |  6 Pagescould expect that a change was going to come—and they were right. After years of military action attempting to stop Cold War Soviet expansion, first in Vietnam under Presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon, followed by the quick and possibly unnecessary bombing of Cambodia by President Ford in response to seizure of the U.S. freighter Mayaguez (History.com, 2016), Americans were war-weary. Thus they welcomed the affable Southern peanut farmer who promised a foreign policy based on high moral principlesRead MoreInevitable Cold War On The United States And The Soviet War1683 Words   |  7 Pages Unavoidable Cold War Irina Shemetova History 12 Chris Nielsen, PhD June 13, 2015 Unavoidable Cold War The phrase cold war is associated with the so-called competition of the United States and the USSR, which began almost immediately after the Second World War. The Soviet Union was in fact a serious competitor to the United States in terms of the international prestige and as one of the most influential superpowers of the world at that time. Instead, the partnership between theRead MoreThe War Between The Soviet Union And The United States1205 Words   |  5 Pagesculture during the 1960s. Although the film directed by Stanley Kubrick in 1964 is a political satire movie, it represented the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States perfectly. 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This is because it not was not nearly important as in the national consciousness of the United States as the Second World War, the Vietnam War, or the 1991 Gulf War. One reason that the Korean War has been forgotten is that, with the exception of the Inchon landing, it seems boring and featureless. History wouldRead MoreThe Cold War Between The Soviet Union And The United States1252 Words   |  6 PagesAfter World War II, the practices of Communism, a political ideology, quickly spread from the Soviet Union to other c ountries in the Eastern Hemisphere. The United States, a country that practices democracy, avidly made it known to other nations that it opposed communist practices. In response to the rapid number of nations that were beginning to practice it, the United States set a goal to limit the amount of nations that practiced it. 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United Airlines Could Take Customer Service-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The United Airlines Could Take Customer Service? Answer: Introducation Public relation theories are one of the most important elements taken into consideration while managing firms. Companys image in front of public is highly depended on their performances and the way they represent themselves in front of others. Managing issues, whether internal or external, is the major function of management and to maintain balanced public relation is very significant(Cornelissen, 2000). In order to perform this job, professional skill as well as sound communication quality is necessary that can create high-quality atmosphere within organisations and with outside people. Customers, government, suppliers and employees demands operations that inculcates sound public relations and for that employers or managers needs to summarize their core objective from PR perspective. Nowadays government of many countries are considering PR practices as major strength while forming communications with associations and common public, whether the company is dealing with abode nation or globally(Hazleton, 2006). An organisation, whether small or big, has goals and objectives which can be fulfilled only by building strong relationship with their customers. In order to form strategic and critical management system, PR practitioners of the firms needs to gain knowledge about various PR theories that can be applied at the time of dilemmas. Normally the issues that happen during the course of business are different from each other and needs to be handled tactfully by applying appropriate theories. Thus having knowledge about single theory is never sufficient and good practitioners must have insight about many theories and models that can be applied to enhance PR practise in organisation(Creative Commons, 2012). Efficient PR practitioners will always make decisions that prove beneficial for the firm while developing healthy relationships with other important essentials of the business. Mass communication techniques and studies are highly appreciated by todays managers a s it helps them to look into problems with different perspectives and make decisions after evaluating the issue from different angles(Cornelissen, 2000). Therefore it becomes essential to consider different PR theories while analysing situations so as to make sound decision. In this report PR error made by United Airlines will be discussed and appropriate solutions for it will be made after applying two PR theories into the situation. Main Report The incident which occurred on 19th April 2017 will be recorded as worst PR error made by any companies in history. The incident took place in one of the flights of United Airlines where a doctor named DR David Dao was beaten by flight officials and dragged down the aircraft aisle. The flight was scheduled to Louisville in Kentucky and was about to take off from Chicago.(Chu, 2017) This incident became viral overnight and made entire public outraged immediately. More than half a billion people watched the video that was covered by other passengers present at the time of incident. In China and Vietnam the incident was interpreted as an act of discrimination as the victim belonged to Vietnam city. The beating and dragging of the victim was so intense that he had to be admitted to the hospital whereas his wife and two children, who were also present there became traumatised. Dr David had to repay the fault made by the company where United Airlines overbooked his paid reservation to othe r passengers. The company claimed that it was a technical error for which they apologised later. But the actual reason behind Dr Daos removal was that the companys four employees had to travel for flight maintenance purpose at Louisville and the flight had to make space for them(Lint, 2017). None of the employees got up from their seats and even the officials did not give an ear to Dr Daos claim. For the past many years airports have become a place of monopoly for militants and officials who force the travellers to undergo humiliating searches and guidelines. In the name of national security, their role has become violent which is clearly seen in United Airlines case(Netimperative, 2017). Presently the CEO of United Airlines is Munoz who has also won many awards for his excellence and firm dedication towards the company. Although the CEO possessed such good reputation worldwide, the decision made by him was more shocking and shows that he lacked qualities of managing PR practice in his company. The incident became more outrageous when he accused Dr Dao of being belligerent and disruptive while praising his own employees for following companys manual(London, 2017). Immediately after the incident, United Airlines lost $600 million worth shares and suffered long term consequence for public disaster. Previously too United Airlines have been marked for overbooking in name of legal considerations but media coverages was not given. In present case of Dr David, the fellow passengers made quick attempt and recorded entire scenario through their Smartphones. Immediately tweets and other social sites were filled up with the news of Dr Daos case and harsh actions taken by United Airlines. The CEO failed to admit its fault that made entire nation frenzy which again shows deficiency of PR management in Munoz(Johnson, 2017). The incident requires implementing PR practise in United Airlines and its management. If the company had included PR management, the incident would not have taken place or rather it could have been solved tactfully without hampering organisations reputation. Conclusion The PR error made by United Airlines could not be rectified but can help the company gain insight about various theories that could have prevented taking place of such incident. In public relation management, single theories are never sufficient to make any managerial decision as making sound decisions require managers to think from different PR perspectives(Chi, 2017). In due respect, this report will evaluate the case the Dr David Dao from two theoretical perspective of PR and make necessary recommendations for the management of United Airlines. Agenda setting theory is the first model that will be discussed in this report as it is one of the most critical theories applied by PR practitioners of todays firms. This theory enables the managers to examine the outside people or pupils interests who are directly or indirectly related to the firm(Spring, 2002). The increase of involvement of social media and press in firms has become an important factor that needs to be dealt critically. To determine the amount of information required to be shared with outside sources is very crucial as it may elevate or damage the image of companies. Thus Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw introduced Agenda Setting Theory in the year 1972 to enable the PR practitioners get model to deal with mass communication techniques and public relation practice. There is a direct relation between media and public agenda as news covered by Medias are greatly absorbed by masses according to their interest in it(Baird, n.d.). The decision made by people are signif icantly depended on social medias as they not only covey the reasons behind issues but also put in characteristics into it that makes the subject more noteworthy. The viral video coverage of Dr Dao raged common people which resulted in losses of United Airlines shares along with shattering the companys strong reputation. The agenda setting theory could have been a great help for the company according to the case as this theory could have stopped the leakage of videos from spreading by making instant effort in rectifying the issue, at least in front of general public. The agenda setting theory can be implemented in PR practises following three stages of its implementation. In the beginning stage of implementation, Policy agenda setting is made under which the amount of affect through media coverage that could influence other people is evaluated. Normally people are more affected by simple issues as those kinds of problems may happen with them also and therefore such news are spread promptly and with greater interest. Second level of agenda setting theory deals in media agenda setting that decides upon kind of informations that shall be shared by Social Medias and news publications. In second stage, journalists, communicators, editors and public representatives are contacted by PR managers of organisations to compose agenda settings. In this stage the related mediators make decision upon the type of news they would like to share with the public and hence they need to be handled critically. In the final stage of agenda setting theory, public agenda setting is done in which the eventual reaction and behaviour of community or masses is recognised which is then calculated in order to ascertain the effects of information for the company(Communication Studies, 2017). The role of PR professionals here becomes important as they represent on behalf of their company and social Medias are highly influenced by public relations maintained by organisations. Press conferences and interviews made on social sites are normally carried by PR practitioners in order to share significant informations with mass public and they put on messages that provide benefits for the firm(Communication Theory, 2017). Contradictory situation occurred in United Airlines that hampered the company adversely. The way officials treated Dr Dao in flight was so miserable that the fellow passengers got chance to cover the entire situation and showed their fury towards the company by spreading the act globally. The managers of the company instead of making corrections of their action did more damages by not accepting their fault. The CEO apologised only for their technical fault and not regarding injuries made by companys officials. The agenda setting theory shall be implemented in th e PR practices of United Airlines so that company could save itself from getting adverse affects from media coverage in future. Second most important PR theory utilised by todays mangers of organisations is Social exchange theory in which actions and reactions made by people are evaluated in terms of rewards and punishments. This means if any action performed is liked by others, rewards are credited. On the other hand if any action is not accepted or disliked, punishments in form of gesture or penalty is made. George Homans founded social exchange theory which was further developed by Peter Blau and Richard Emerson(Redmond, 2015). According to this theory people are likely to perform those tasks repeatedly which are appreciated by others instead of ones disliked by them. The segregation of actions through appreciated ones and disliked ones helps managers to decide upon what decisions shall be taken so that organisation is benefitted by it. The past experiences of rewarding and failures makes mangers job easy while making decisions(Reader, 2017). The assessment that gets continuous rewards or appreciations are inculcated in the decisions made by managers relating public relation, whereas the disliked ones or failed choices are avoided in future course. In organisations, normally the reward or punishments are represented in the form of increased or decreased profits, public empathy, publicity and brand awareness. The bad publicity or decrement in profits are normally assumed as punishments which often creates discontentment among consumers and even government may disapprove companys operation. If PR practice is not efficient, the affect of it is rigorous and is shown through decrement in manifestation of companys profits and shares along with hampering relation with stakeholders. Social exchange theory is based on the principle in which organisations tries to gain more from the decisions made and thus they relate past experiences or similar cases so that their decision is not attested as erroneous. In this theory, the interaction between people or organisations involved demands results that could be substantial or elusive(Humphrey, 2017). Whatever the result may be, motivational affect is highly depended on it. For example if a firm develops sound relation with customers, it will automatically get reflected in companys shares and thus crates a reason for motivation among employees. With developed social exchange practices in firms the chance to develop public relation increases while getting control over social media. Many researchers have also discussed pitfalls in this theory as this theory emphasises more on social configuration rather than persons. The assumptions made while deciding upon issues are merely made through past experiences and while people pe rspectives are changeable, this theory demands additional theories along with it so that sound decision is made(Mitchell, 2012). Social exchange theory can be applied on United Airlines as it may enable the management to look into issues from customers perspective and enable decision making after estimating consequences of it. The managers of the company should have evaluated the implication of harsh treatment made upon its customers and that it could affect the image of the company in front of general public. Recommendations The case study of removal of Dr David Dao from United Airline is certainly one of the most disastrous PR error made by any company which also sets an example for the companies who neglects PR practises in their organisations(Bannister, 2017). Public relation theory applied in different situations shall be considered crucially by PR practitioners so that the relation between company and public is not damaged. In the above report two major theories, agenda setting theory and social exchange theory have been discussed that can be applied in the situation of United Airlines. From the case study it can be seen that any issue related to general public is taken as an interesting topic by people and they react to it promptly. The spreading of news worldwide within few hours proves that United Airlines requires inculcating agenda setting theory into its practices. Although the CEO apologised for technical problems but only if he could make further apologies for injuries made could have saved the company from getting discontentment among people(Phelps, 2017). The immediate press conferencing and interviewing with the news channel in which the CEO himself shows apology could have rectified the mistakes made by staff. Since the companys staff lacked moral ethics as they dragged Dr Dao brutally from aircraft aisle, the company must make arrangements for PR training programmes for them in which all the employees are taught about various PR models and theories so that such mistake is not made further. The social exchange theory can also provide immense help to the managers and the CEO of United Airlines. Under this theory the managers can take decisions after considering past experiences(O'Rourke, 2017). While public relations are considered, it becomes duty of the PR practitioners to maintain sound relations with people. PR theories as discussed in this report could provide assistance to the mangers of the firm by enabling sound PR practices in United Airlines(Cornelissen, 2 000). On concluding note it can be said that public relation managers and CEO of companies shall always look into issues from different PR perspectives and make decisions only after evaluating probable result of it so that the relation between them and public is maintained in healthy manner. References Baird, J., n.d. AGENDA SETTING AND THE PUBLIC RELATIONS INDUSTRY. [Online] Available at: https://sites.psu.edu/jamiebaird/agenda-setting-theory/ [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Bannister, K., 2017. Lessons in Crisis Management From the United Incident. [Online] Available at: https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/lessons-crisis-management-united-incident/ [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Chi, L., 2017. Not so friendly skies: United Airlines' public relations disaster. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39562182 [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Chu, B., 2017. The treatment of David Dao by United Airlines is a lesson in the economics of air travel. [Online] Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/united-airlines-david-dao-lesson-in-the-economics-of-air-travel-a7685921.html [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Communication Studies, 2017. Agenda Setting Theory. [Online] Available at: https://www.communicationstudies.com/communication-theories/agenda-setting-theory [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Communication Theory, 2017. Agenda setting theory. [Online] Available at: https://communicationtheory.org/agenda-setting-theory/ [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Cornelissen, J.P., 2000. Toward an Understanding of the Use of Academic Theories in Public Relations Practice. [Online] Available at: https://engine.koduleht.net/templates/kajatampere/files/mdl_files.php/academic_theories_of_pr.pdf [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Creative Commons, 2012. Models and Approaches to Public Relations. [Online] Available at: https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/public-relations/s04-models-and-approaches-to-publi.html [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Hazleton, C.B.a.V., 2006. Public Relations Theory 2. [Online] Available at: https://mlkent.com/PDFs/Taylor_Kent_PRT_2006.pdf [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Humphrey, H., 2017. Social Interaction Theories. [Online] Available at: https://classroom.synonym.com/social-interaction-theories-12080765.html [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Johnson, D., 2017. Crises Management Lessons From United's Debacle. [Online] Available at: https://www.strategicvisionpr.com/crisis-management-lessons-uniteds-debacle [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Lint, J., 2017. United Airlines Incident Provides Management Case Studies for Business Schools. [Online] Available at: https://onlinecareertips.com/2017/04/united-airlines-management-case-studies/ [Accessed 03 October 2017]. London, E., 2017. The United Airlines beating of David Dao and the case for public ownership of the airline industry. [Online] Available at: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/04/12/unit-a12.html [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Mitchell, R.C.a.D.M.Q., 2012. Social Exchange Theory, Exchange Resources, and Interpersonal Relationship: A Modest Resolution of Theoretical Differences. [Online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261286833_Social_Exchange_Theory_Exchange_Resources_and_Interpersonal_Relationship_A_Modest_Resolution_of_Theoretical_Differences [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Netimperative, 2017. Crisis management case study: United Airlines. [Online] Available at: https://www.netimperative.com/2017/05/crisis-management-case-study-united-airlines/ [Accessed 03 October 2017]. O'Rourke, J.S., 2017. How United Airlines could take a customer service lesson from Delta. [Online] Available at: https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/04/11/how-united-airlines-could-take-customer-service-lesson-from-delta.html [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Phelps, S., 2017. Five Lessons From United Airlines About Handling A Customer Experience Gone Bad. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/stanphelps/2017/04/13/five-lessons-from-united-airlines-about-handling-a-customer-experience-gone-bad/#4a6146627bf6 [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Reader, C., 2017. Social Exchange Theory in the Workplace. [Online] Available at: https://bizfluent.com/info-8272121-social-exchange-theory-workplace.html [Accessed 03 September 2017]. Redmond, M.V., 2015. Social Exchange Theory. [Online] Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003context=engl_reports [Accessed 03 October 2017]. Spring, M.S., 2002. Agenda Setting. [Online] Available at: https://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~johnca/spch100/7-4-agenda.htm [Accessed 03 October

Sonnet 18 Essays - Sonnet 1, Shakespeares Sonnets, Sonnet

Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 is one of one hundred fifty four poems of fourteen lines written in Iambic Pentameter. These sonnets exclusively employ the rhyme scheme, which has come to be called the Shakespearean Sonnet. The sonnets are composed of an octet and sestet and typically progress through three quatrains to a concluding couplet. It also contains figurative language and different poetic devices used to create unique effects in his sonnets. Shakespeare's sonnets consist of words constructed in a certain manner or form, thoughts, emotion and poetic devices. One way to interpret the sonnet is to think of "thee" that Shakespeare is referring to as a person. Following that line of thought the sonnet could read that Shakespeare is in love with someone who is consistently beautiful. He tries to compare this person to summer but summer is not as beautiful or constant. This person in Shakespeare's eyes will never grow old and ugly and not even Death can say that his person's end is near. In line 1, he starts the poem with a question. He asks if he should compare the person to a summer's day but ends up not doing so realizing that the person is superior. In the following 7 lines of this sonnet, he begins to show the differences between the person and a summer's day. He explains that the person's characteristics is moderate and comfortable and has favorable qualities in line 2. "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May," (line 3) means that the rough winds of the summer can destroy the buds of the flowers and his particular person has no such trait. In the forth line of the sonnet, Shakespeare justifies how summer is too short and how his lover's beauty does not end like this specific season does. In the next two lines, lines 5 and 6, the superb poet interpret the summer's temperature. He explains how the summer can be extremely hot and uncomfortable. He also describes how the sun can be dulled due to the covering of clouds. It can obscure or shadow the earth, unlike the shining beauty of his lover. Although Sonnet 18 is an extended metaphor, line 7 has a literal meaning that explains itself: "And every fair from fair sometime declines," With fair meaning beautiful, he is saying that everything that is beautiful must come to an end and that all beauty fades except the one of his lover. The next line is an example of the reasons why beauty fades. Chance makes beauty fade by something dreadful happening. He says that natures changing course untrimmed meaning that the seasons changing direction, path or time can deteriorate beauty. In line 8, the turning point of the sonnet, Shakespeare specifies that something is changing by using the simple word But. He goes on to explain that the person's beauty will not die. He itemizes eternal to mean that the person's charm will live forever. You are not going to lose possession of that beauty that you own, Shakespeare explains in line 10. In the eleventh line of the sonnet, he says that Death won't be able to brag that he has possession of the persons beauty. In other words, the beloved will never die. At the end of the sonnet, he writes about "eternal lines" which symbolizes that the beloved's beauty will grow in this poem forever. In the last two lines of this poem, lines 13 and 14, the poet means that as long as people read this poem, that the beloved's beauty will live. He also describes how the person will live in the spirit and beauty of the poem. It could also represent the poem itself, which keeps the person beautiful forever. This sonnet has a basic form or structure. In this sonnet there are fourteen lines divided into two clear parts, an opening octet which has 8 lines and a closing sestet which has 6 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme: ababcdcdefefgg. The octave presents the narrative, states the proposition or raises a question. The sestet drives home the narrative by making an abstract comment, applies the proposition, or solves the problem. In Sonnet 18 the octave says that the beloved is better than a summers day. It develops the idea of this sonnet. The sestet then explains why the beloved is better than a summer's day. The sestet also states that the lover will live forever. Instead of the octave and sestet divisions, this sonnet characteristically embodies four divisions. Three quatrains of four lines